Many additions and changes to the measure have been made over time, including the addition of dozens of supplemental, validity, and other content scales to improve interpretability of the original Clinical Scales, changes in the number of items in the measure, and other adjustments. The MMPI has been considered the gold standard in personality testing ever since its inception as an adult measure of psychopathology and personality structure in 1939. The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of Minnesota. History: The original authors of the MMPI were Starke R. After the computer scores the test results, the psychologist writes up a report interpreting the test results in the context of the person's history and current psychological concerns. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is considered a protected psychological instrument, meaning it can only be given and interpreted by a psychologist trained to do so (anyone cannot find the test online). The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one of two forms - the MMPI-2, which has 567 true/false questions, and the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and containing only 338 true/false items. Once an individual has completed the test, he/she is rated on 10 clinical scales used to indicate different psychotic conditions. The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60-90 min to complete. The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2. In response to these issues, the MMPI underwent a revision in the late 1980s. Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while some felt the test contained sexist and racist questions. Critics pointed out that the original sample group was inadequate. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. Today, it is a frequently used clinical testing instrument and one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the late 1930s by psychologist Starke R.